Science Dudes: Physics

Black Is White (Scientifically Speaking): When the Opposites Start Swapping Jerseys

<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgBaHAZNJlUffJegK6oPUe-ut8Ji7BjJdO3hAGeKb7potq4PjXqCMytXwMXTSYUnmA5JfLTQJlwRqIz58uv0uIHGBoCrRnQI2DTp1nZ-WsAD0z4pvYdfUwelJbMgbolGOCWyVwj0mEd01UPL5FIgLJQopTPMpf7qoWLgt0rwONdVFvdB8sTuTkq9eYi1II" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Black is white. An abstract, surreal photograph of two flowing liquids intertwining in mid-air against a neutral gray studio background. One liquid is an impossibly dark, matte black that seems to absorb all light, like Vantablack. The other liquid is a brilliant, glowing white luminescence that radiates light. Where the two streams twist around each other in a Mobius strip shape, they don't just mix into gray; they seem to swap textures, with the glowing material turning dark and the dark material suddenly emitting bright light. High contrast, macro photography style." data-original-height="940" data-original-width="1856" height="162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgBaHAZNJlUffJegK6oPUe-ut8Ji7BjJdO3hAGeKb7potq4PjXqCMytXwMXTSYUnmA5JfLTQJlwRqIz58uv0uIHGBoCrRnQI2DTp1nZ-WsAD0z4pvYdfUwelJbMgbolGOCWyVwj0mEd01UPL5FIgLJQopTPMpf7qoWLgt0rwONdVFvdB8sTuTkq9eYi1II=w320-h162" width="320" /></a></div></div><p></p><p>“Black is white” sounds like someone’s trying to pick a fight with reality.</p>

<p>But take that phrase into a lab. Or into the awkward intersection of eyes, light, materials, cameras, and human brains doing guesswork at high speed. Suddenly it’s not complete nonsense. Not philosophy. Actual science.</p>

<p>So let’s talk about the situations where black can act like white, look like white, or quietly turn into something your brain swears is white—without anyone pretending reality is optional.</p>

<h2>A quick anchor: what “black” and “white” even mean</h2>

<p>Start simple. As simple as it gets.</p>

<p>Black, in everyday optics, is what you perceive when almost no visible light reaches your eyes from a surface. Either there’s no light around, or the surface absorbs most of it. White is the opposite situation: lots of visible light comes back to your eyes, across a wide range of wavelengths, and your brain nods and says, “Okay, white.”</p>

<p>That sounds tidy.</p>

<p>Reality isn’t.</p>

<p>Because black and white aren’t materials. They’re results. And results depend on context.</p>

<h2>The annoying truth: black and white aren’t “colors” in the same way</h2><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjHmG5qIO1Y-L2Ca-ve_M-VfQ6swVDlPG1B03gifBPijt3ibjiSMoG8SZ3HaUv0xQgg8HzJ0dnQVKb6uvshX6a61gu8_TSrjqaNXMZdHAyDbsXDWdFBfX7qfR1PS09CqZRVm_-4e7ZBGKzv6_eFoT8U0FjI3iO7BJHf5SilXBEWXryo9fYTIHa5k-ObeYQ" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="A split-panel educational photograph. The left panel is titled "LIGHT (Additive)" and shows three colored spotlights (red, green, blue) shining onto a white wall; where the three beams overlap in the center, they create a brilliant bright white circle of light. The right panel is titled "PIGMENT (Subtractive)" and shows a close-up of an artist's palette with thick blobs of cyan, magenta, and yellow oil paints being smeared together by a palette knife, combining in the center into a dark, muddy black sludge." data-original-height="994" data-original-width="1948" height="326" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjHmG5qIO1Y-L2Ca-ve_M-VfQ6swVDlPG1B03gifBPijt3ibjiSMoG8SZ3HaUv0xQgg8HzJ0dnQVKb6uvshX6a61gu8_TSrjqaNXMZdHAyDbsXDWdFBfX7qfR1PS09CqZRVm_-4e7ZBGKzv6_eFoT8U0FjI3iO7BJHf5SilXBEWXryo9fYTIHa5k-ObeYQ=w640-h326" width="640" /></a></div></div>

<p>If you’re talking about light itself, black is basically “off.” White is “everything on at once.”</p>

<p>That’s the additive story. Screens. LEDs. Stage lights. Your phone does this nonstop. When it shows white, it’s firing red, green, and blue light together. When it shows black, it’s barely emitting anything at all.</p>

<p>Switch to pigments and the rules flip.</p>

<p>Paint doesn’t emit light. It steals it. A white page looks white because it reflects a lot of incoming light. Add ink and you start removing chunks of the spectrum. Keep adding absorbing pigments and you drift toward black. If you’ve ever mixed a bunch of paints and ended up with sad brown sludge, congratulations—you’ve met subtractive color the hard way.</p>

<p>Same words. Different systems. Different physics.</p>

<h2>When black turns white because your brain is doing math behind your back</h2>

<p>You’ve probably seen the checker-shadow illusion. One square sits in shadow. Another sits in bright light. One looks dark. One looks light. Someone draws a line or isolates them and—surprise—they’re identical.</p>

<p>That illusion works because your visual system is not a light meter.</p>

<p>It’s a prediction engine.</p>

<p>Your brain constantly guesses what objects “really” are under changing light. Shadows move. Sunlight shifts. Indoor lighting goes yellow. Without compensation, the world would look unstable. So your brain corrects. Most of the time, that correction is useful. Sometimes it backfires beautifully.</p>

<p>In the checker-shadow case, your brain assumes the square in shadow must actually be lighter than it appears, so it boosts its perceived brightness. A physically darker square gets mentally promoted. A lighter one gets demoted. Black-ish becomes white-ish, just by context.</p>

<p>No tricks. Just perception doing its job a little too confidently.</p>

<h3>The Dress, or how the internet learned about lighting the hard way</h3>

<p>The dress photo from 2015 did the same thing at scale. Some people saw white and gold. Others saw blue and black. Same pixels. Different assumptions about the light source.</p>

<p>If your brain assumed cool shadowy light, it subtracted blue and the dress drifted toward white. If it assumed warm indoor light, it subtracted yellow and the blue stayed put.</p>

<p>I remember the first time it flipped for me. It was unsettling. Like realizing your eyes aren’t witnesses—they’re interpreters.</p>

<h2>Afterimages: the fastest way to watch white become black</h2>

<p>This one you can try without equipment.</p>

<p>Stare at a bright white shape on a dark background for a bit. Don’t blink much. Then look at a plain wall.</p>

<p>You’ll likely see a dark ghost of that shape.</p>

<p>That’s photoreceptor fatigue. Cells responding to the bright area get temporarily worn down. When you switch scenes, those tired cells fire less than their neighbors. The result looks darker.</p>

<p>White stimulus. Black percept.</p>

<p>Not magic. Just biology being dramatic for a few seconds.</p>

<h2>Heat physics: the “black” thing that shines white-hot</h2><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgf89ai5CLVAcpOLLR7d0UvCfjnl-9CCdj6mWY7lT5aQRw_TJyo_qHyHcragOPSsjWud2E-m6kOFLB33YuW-23Q8rkY_voLoHzuemEJfTzOGnTstZPKwm28urikS_Ylrjswax5zylYBNbV4qiMXyg4bRJvM9v5GhdlP5r_FX_-sXoeP94pqOInDrSvV67g" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="A gritty, close-up photograph of industrial metalworking. A thick, rough-textured wrought iron bar, which is dull black at one end, is being heated in a forge. The other end of the bar is glowing intensely white-hot, almost blindingly bright, radiating heat haze and tiny sparks. The transition zone on the metal goes from the white glow to yellow, to orange, to deep red, and back to cold black iron. The background is dark and smoky." data-original-height="1010" data-original-width="1854" height="348" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgf89ai5CLVAcpOLLR7d0UvCfjnl-9CCdj6mWY7lT5aQRw_TJyo_qHyHcragOPSsjWud2E-m6kOFLB33YuW-23Q8rkY_voLoHzuemEJfTzOGnTstZPKwm28urikS_Ylrjswax5zylYBNbV4qiMXyg4bRJvM9v5GhdlP5r_FX_-sXoeP94pqOInDrSvV67g=w640-h348" width="640" /></a></div></div>

<p>Time to drag temperature into the conversation.</p>

<p>Physicists use “blackbody” to describe an ideal surface that absorbs all incoming radiation. Nothing reflected. Perfect absorber. As black as it gets.</p>

<p>Here’s the part that sounds wrong until you sit with it.</p>

<p>The best absorber is also the best emitter.</p>

<p>Heat that surface up and it radiates energy efficiently. As temperature rises, the glow shifts from red to orange to yellow and eventually looks white. That phrase “white-hot” is literal. At high temperatures, emission spreads across most of the visible range, and your eyes read it as white.</p>

<p>So a perfect black absorber can produce white light. Same object. Different mechanism.</p>

<p>Black becomes white through heat.</p>

<p>On a less cosmic scale, you already know this effect. Park a black car and a white car in the sun. Come back later. Touch both. Learn something the hard way.</p>

<p>Black surfaces absorb more solar energy. White ones reflect more. That’s not fashion advice. That’s thermodynamics.</p>

<h2>Space does “black” and “white” with zero subtlety</h2>

<p>A black hole earns its name. Past its event horizon, light can’t escape. No reflection. No emission from the hole itself. It’s not dark gray. It’s genuinely black.</p>

<p>You only notice black holes by watching what they do to nearby matter. Disks of gas heat up and glow. Stars wobble. Space bends. The hole itself stays invisible.</p>

<p>White dwarfs sit on the opposite end. They’re the exposed cores of dead stars, still insanely hot. Early on, they glow fiercely in the white-blue range. Not because they reflect light, but because they’re dumping stored heat into space.</p>

<p>Give the universe enough time and a white dwarf would cool into a black dwarf. None exist yet. Not enough time has passed.</p>

<p>Even planets play this game. Ice and clouds reflect a lot of sunlight. Dark oceans and rock absorb more. That reflectivity—albedo—changes how hot a planet gets. White cools. Black warms.</p>

<h2>Materials science: when black stops looking real</h2><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiI8XWgjx-8mpSd-1TskUJSlDNm8o77MQlLAhsesCx96HpHjlSkvy2SVZfD49JIP7Ipo3VpLg1BOXU6v_b-RvDtmC0rzoTA0OiPH8N6VvhE1YSDvqDVgpYsZSZ4jCZHLB1BoPiAssW30-X2VuL0P8xIRC5JEPaTqsstbdSKW2triJJMmPpikkedkf-idBI" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="A photorealistic photo of two identical spherical objects sitting side-by-side on a wooden desk. The sphere on the left is painted with standard matte black paint; it shows subtle shadows, a soft highlight from a window, and you can clearly see its 3D round shape. The sphere on the right is coated in a super-black material (like Vantablack); it reflects absolutely no light, appearing merely as a flat, pitch-black 2D circle cutout or a hole in reality, despite being the same 3D shape as the one on the left." data-original-height="992" data-original-width="1842" height="344" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiI8XWgjx-8mpSd-1TskUJSlDNm8o77MQlLAhsesCx96HpHjlSkvy2SVZfD49JIP7Ipo3VpLg1BOXU6v_b-RvDtmC0rzoTA0OiPH8N6VvhE1YSDvqDVgpYsZSZ4jCZHLB1BoPiAssW30-X2VuL0P8xIRC5JEPaTqsstbdSKW2triJJMmPpikkedkf-idBI=w640-h344" width="640" /></a></div></div>

<p>Some modern materials absorb so much light that your brain loses its grip on depth.</p>

<p>Ultra-black coatings trap light using microscopic structures. Incoming photons bounce around internally until they’re absorbed. Almost nothing comes back out.</p>

<p>The result is unsettling. Shapes flatten. Edges disappear. A three-dimensional object starts looking like a cutout or a hole.</p>

<p>On the other side, ultra-white paints push reflectivity so high that surfaces can stay cooler than the surrounding air under direct sun. That’s not a visual trick. It’s energy management.</p>

<p>At those extremes, black and white stop feeling like colors. They become behaviors.</p>

<h2>Digital black and white: simple numbers that still lie</h2>

<p>Digitally, black and white seem straightforward. Zero is black. Max value is white.</p>

<p>Then exposure ruins the simplicity.</p>

<p>Put a person in front of a bright window and the camera exposes for the background. The person turns into a silhouette. White shirt or not, they register as black.</p>

<p>Overexpose a scene and details vanish into white patches. Not because the objects changed, but because the sensor ran out of room.</p>

<p>Some sensors even see wavelengths your eyes don’t. Dark fabrics can look bright under infrared. To you, it’s black. To the camera, it’s not.</p>

<h2>The quiet conclusion hiding in all this</h2>

<p>Black and white feel absolute because language makes them feel absolute.</p>

<p>Physics doesn’t.</p>

<p>What you call black or white depends on light sources, surfaces, temperature, detectors, and a brain that’s constantly guessing what it thinks makes sense.</p>

<p>So can black be white?</p>

<p>Under the right conditions, yes. Easily. Repeatedly. And sometimes without you noticing at all.</p>

<p>That’s not reality breaking. That’s reality being more conditional than we like to admit.</p>

Black Is White (Scientifically Speaking): When the Opposites Start Swapping Jerseys

“Black is white” sounds like someone’s trying to pick a fight with reality. And… yeah. Most of the time, it is. But take that phrase int...

Velocity vs Time Graph For Freely Falling Object

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In free fall, we assume that there's <b>no air resistance.</b> </div>
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<br /></div>
<b>The velocity vs time graph for freely falling object is a straight line passing through origin with positive gradient</b>. But why? Before drawing any graphs, you must consider what the equation that relates the parameters in question is. In our case, the equation is <span style="background-color: black;"> </span><span style="background-color: #444444;"><span style="color: white;">v = u + a . t </span></span>, where v = final velocity, u = initial velocity, a = acceleration due to gravity, and t = time.<br />
<br />
But, as we do not supply any initial velocity to the object, u = 0. So the equation becomes <span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"> v = a . t </span></span><br />
And since a = acceleration due to gravity, it's value is 9.81ms<sup>-2</sup><br />
Therefore, our final equation becomes <span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"> v = 9.81 * t </span></span><br />
<br />
This equation can be compared with <span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"> y = mx + c </span></span> where, c = 0. Now m = 9.81, which must be the gradient of the graph.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-kVfKJmGg7YR0DKC3BgVfJ6v0uoLXEVj99Eml3hAXsofITA6oNWaE2jbTSDI3Xu-EmE-uRbT-trYrMzJhulx5JLabywF49VhNPhWY-GarXK29WxUK9Kio77rg-mV-o3Zwa-NhvdfCTnY/s1600/velocity+vs+time.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Velocity vs Time Graph Free Fall" border="0" data-original-height="591" data-original-width="866" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-kVfKJmGg7YR0DKC3BgVfJ6v0uoLXEVj99Eml3hAXsofITA6oNWaE2jbTSDI3Xu-EmE-uRbT-trYrMzJhulx5JLabywF49VhNPhWY-GarXK29WxUK9Kio77rg-mV-o3Zwa-NhvdfCTnY/s320/velocity+vs+time.png" title="Velocity vs Time Graph Free Fall" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Velocity vs Time Graph For Free Fall</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />Hence, <b>velocity vs time graph for free fall is a straight line</b> with following properties:<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><b>Passes through origin</b>. Why? Because if you compare <span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"> v = 9.81 * t </span></span> with <span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"> y = mx + c </span></span>, you'll find that c = 0, which is the y-intercept. If a line has y-intercept of 0, it must go through origin.</li>
<li><b>Has a gradient of 9.81</b>, Why? Again if you compare <span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"> v = 9.81 * t </span></span> with <span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"> y = mx + c </span></span>, you'll find that m has a value of 9.81, which is the slope of a straight line. </li>
</ul>
</div>

Velocity vs Time Graph For Freely Falling Object

In free fall, we assume that there's no air resistance. The velocity vs time graph for freely falling object is a straight line...

20 Examples Of Scalar and Vector Quantities List

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<br />
In our previous post, we discussed about <a href="https://science-dudes.blogspot.com/2019/08/scalar-and-vector-quantities-definition.html" target="_blank">Scalars & Vectors</a>. But you might be wondering what are some examples of scalar quantity? Here's the list of 20 scalar and vector quantities.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Scalar Quantities Examples</h3>
<div>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Length</li>
<li>Time</li>
<li>Mass</li>
<li>Temperature</li>
<li>Energy</li>
<li>Direct Current (DC)</li>
<li>Frequency</li>
<li>Volume</li>
<li>Speed</li>
<li>Amount of substance</li>
<li>Luminous Intensity</li>
<li>Density</li>
<li>Concentration</li>
<li>Refractive Index</li>
<li>Work</li>
<li>Pressure</li>
<li>Power</li>
<li>Charge</li>
<li>Electric Potential</li>
<li>Entropy</li>
</ol>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Vector Quantities Examples</h3>
</div>
<div>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Impulse</li>
<li>Force</li>
<li>Momentum</li>
<li>Velocity</li>
<li>Acceleration</li>
<li>Displacement</li>
<li>Angle</li>
<li>Alternating Current</li>
<li>Torque Of Couple</li>
<li>Weight</li>
<li>Thrust</li>
<li>Electric Field Strength</li>
<li>Magnetic Field Strength</li>
<li>Gravitation</li>
<li>Angular Velocity</li>
<li>Angular Momentum</li>
<li>Centripetal Force</li>
<li>Drag Force</li>
<li>Frictional Force</li>
<li>Tension</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>

20 Examples Of Scalar and Vector Quantities List

In our previous post, we discussed about Scalars & Vectors . But you might be wondering what are some examples of scalar quantity? H...

Definition and Meaning Of Acceleration Due To Gravity in Physics

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<b><br /></b>
<b>Define the term acceleration due to gravity:</b> <i>The acceleration of an object which is solely caused due to the gravitation field of any heavenly body, say Earth, is known as acceleration due to gravity</i>. Acceleration due to gravity of Earth is 9.81 ms<sup>-2</sup>, Mercury is 3.7 ms<sup>-2</sup>, Venus is 8.87 ms<sup>-2</sup>,  and Moon is 1.62ms<sup>-2</sup><br />
<br />
So here's the definition. But what does it really mean when someone says "acceleration due to gravity"?<br />
<br />
Let's imagine that you're on an airplane and you've an object in your hand, say a guitar. Then, you throw the object out of the plane. Now the object is in open air, can you tell me what forces are acting on the guitar after you threw it? Obviously, the force of gravity. (But keep in mind, that the earth has atmosphere due to which any object moving in open air also experiences a drag force, called air resistance or air drag. For the sake of simplicity, we are going to assume that there's no air resisting the guitar's motion.) Now the object moves towards the center of the earth with increasing velocity. Since the velocity is changing, the object has acceleration. This acceleration is caused by gravitational force of the earth, hence this acceleration is called "acceleration due to gravity". For earth, it's fixed and its value is 9.81 ms-2.<br />
<br />
Notice why i told you to ignore the presence of air resistance? This is because for any acceleration to be qualified as acceleration due to gravity, <b>it must not be affected by any other force except the gravitational force between the object and heavenly body</b>. This is why the definition itself says "solely caused due to gravitational field of heavenly body".</div>

Definition and Meaning Of Acceleration Due To Gravity in Physics

Define the term acceleration due to gravity: The acceleration of an object which is solely caused due to the gravitation field of any h...

20 Physical Quantities With Their SI Units and CGS Units

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<br />
As in the previous post, we discussed about <a href="http://science-dudes.blogspot.com/2015/04/physical-non-physical-quantity-definition-physics.html" target="_blank">Physical and Non-Physical Quantities</a>. In this article, I’m going to provide you a <a href="http://science-dudes.blogspot.com/2015/04/10-examples-of-physical-and-non.html" target="_blank">list of Physical quantities</a> along with their SI and CGS Units.

<br />
<br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="2" style="width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td> Physical Quantity</td>
<td> SI Units</td>
<td> CGS Units</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Length</td>
<td> m</td>
<td> cm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Mass</td>
<td> kg</td>
<td> g</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Time</td>
<td> s</td>
<td> s</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Area</td>
<td> m<sup>2</sup></td>
<td> cm<sup>2</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Acceleration </td>
<td> m⋅s<sup>-2</sup></td>
<td> cm⋅s<sup>-2</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Velocity</td>
<td> m⋅s<sup>-1</sup></td>
<td> cm⋅s<sup>-1</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Density</td>
<td> kg⋅m<sup>-3</sup></td>
<td> g⋅cm<sup>-3</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Energy</td>
<td> kg⋅m<sup>2</sup>⋅s<sup>-2</sup></td>
<td> g⋅cm<sup>2</sup>⋅s<sup>-2</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Force</td>
<td> kg⋅m⋅s<sup>-2</sup></td>
<td> g⋅cm⋅s<sup>-2</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Impulse</td>
<td> kg⋅m⋅s<sup>-1</sup></td>
<td> g⋅cm⋅s<sup>-1</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Pressure</td>
<td> kg⋅m<sup>-1</sup>⋅s<sup>-2</sup></td>
<td> g⋅cm<sup>-1</sup>⋅s<sup>-2</sup> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Power</td>
<td> kg⋅m<sup>2</sup>⋅s<sup>-3</sup></td>
<td> g⋅cm<sup>2</sup>⋅s<sup>-3</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Momentum</td>
<td> kg⋅m⋅s<sup>-1</sup></td>
<td> g⋅m⋅s<sup>-1</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Moment of Inertia</td>
<td> kg⋅m<sup>2</sup></td>
<td> g⋅cm<sup>2</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Surface Tension</td>
<td> kg⋅s<sup>-2</sup></td>
<td> g⋅s<sup>-2</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Electric Current</td>
<td> A</td>
<td> bi</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Temperature</td>
<td> k</td>
<td> k</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Time</td>
<td> s</td>
<td> s</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Dynamic Viscosity</td>
<td> kg⋅m<sup>-1</sup>⋅s<sup>-1</sup></td>
<td> g⋅cm⋅s </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Kinematic Viscosity</td>
<td> m<sup>2</sup>⋅s<sup>-1</sup></td>
<td> cm<sup>2</sup><sup>⋅</sup>s<sup>-1</sup></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>

20 Physical Quantities With Their SI Units and CGS Units

As in the previous post, we discussed about Physical and Non-Physical Quantities . In this article, I’m going to provide you a list of P...

Scalar and Vector Quantities Definition, Differences, & Examples

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<br />
In this article, I will provide you the definition of scalar and vector quantities. I'll also provide the differences between them along with some examples to clear the concept.<br />
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Scalar Quantities</h2>
<i>Those physical quantities which are specified only by their magnitude or size are known as scalar quantities.</i> For example:- Length, speed, mass, work, density, temperature, etc. <b>Scalar quantities do not have direction</b>, and are expressed as single number. Take the temperature of your city for instance. How do you express it? Suppose i ask you, what’s the temperature of your city today, if your phone says 24 degrees celsius? You would probably answer “It’s 24 degrees celsius today”, right? Yes you’re right! You express it by just a number, no further explanation. But Vectors are different.<br />
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Vector Quantities</h2>
<i>Those physical quantities which are specified by both <b>magnitude as well as direction </b>are known as vector quantities</i>, such as displacement, force, velocity, acceleration, etc. Vector quantities are expressed with the symbol of the quantity along with an arrow above it. In the example given above, how did you express the temperature? Just by a single number, right? Let's talk about displacement now which is a vector quantity. Displacement means the shortest distance between any two points in a fixed direction. See how i define it? I'm emphasizing on its direction. Displacement cannot simply be expressed as 4 meters or 10 meters, we always need to specify the direction too. We can say 4 meters towards east, which is a valid example of displacement. Simply saying 4 meters would not be considered as displacement, it's distance, which is a scalar quantity.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Difference Between Scalar and Vector Quantity in Tabular Form</h3>
<table border="1" style="height: 123px; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 21px;">
<td style="background-color: grey; height: 21px;"> Scalar Quantity</td>
<td style="background-color: grey; height: 21px;"> Vector Quantity</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;">
<td style="height: 21px;"> Only has magnitude</td>
<td style="height: 21px;"> Has magnitude & direction both</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;">
<td style="height: 21px;"> Can be expressed as symbol of the specified quantity. Eg: 't' for temperature</td>
<td style="height: 21px;"> Must been expressed with its symbol and an  arrow above it.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;">
<td style="height: 21px;"> Involves simple calculations</td>
<td style="height: 21px;"> Involves complex calculations</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;">
<td style="height: 21px;"> Eg: mass, length, temperature, etc.</td>
<td style="height: 21px;"> Eg: velocity, displacement, force, etc.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div>
</div>
</div>

Scalar and Vector Quantities Definition, Differences, & Examples

In this article, I will provide you the definition of scalar and vector quantities. I'll also provide the differences between them a...

Gravitational Force - When mass of body changes but distance is same

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How does mass affect gravitational force? Suppose there are two bodies “A” and “B”. Both of them, “A”
& “B” are at the distance of “D” from their centre. Now, the force of
attraction between them is “F”. In this case, the gravitational force between
these two bodies is given by,</div>
<h3>
When Mass is same</h3>
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Gravitational Force = Gravitational Constant * (Mass of “A”
* Mass of “B”)/Square of “D”<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL2F0YRnIWzOMAKSxPVp_KJj7mPbdKsm40TyQlNTodQSvHaatbwkpIKRyIAZOZKCr9xkoiCf5ivsx1JB4x2XPp4Ly2BSfCgA6jrTTs6V72NypE7m1LM_o_QgN5RcfB8cjZGcx4BBh7FQ0/s1600/Gravitational+Force+-+When+mass+of+body+changes+but+distance+is+same.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Gravitational Force - When mass of body changes but distance is same" border="0" height="203" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL2F0YRnIWzOMAKSxPVp_KJj7mPbdKsm40TyQlNTodQSvHaatbwkpIKRyIAZOZKCr9xkoiCf5ivsx1JB4x2XPp4Ly2BSfCgA6jrTTs6V72NypE7m1LM_o_QgN5RcfB8cjZGcx4BBh7FQ0/s1600/Gravitational+Force+-+When+mass+of+body+changes+but+distance+is+same.jpg" title="Gravitational Force - When mass of body changes but distance is same" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; text-align: start;">I.e. F = G (m * m)/d</span><sup style="text-align: start;">2   </sup></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Here, G is gravitational constant. And m is the mass of “A”
while m is the mass of “B” and “d” is the distance between them from their
centre.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Now, what will be the value of gravitational force if the
mass is altered leaving the distance same?</div>
<h3>
When Mass of body is increased</h3>
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Let’s increase the mass of the first body “A” by two times.
Now product of the masses of the body is 2m<sup>2</sup>. So Force of attraction
is given by,<o:p></o:p></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUx8xwQHGgikygNoScuEW403pE4El5W9MoLI3OunEjGETH9w4FhevwExnTwVfqXwUQayxjegWOXMbvgs_ze_OLkvIVisOhYcelXlI44Ck35VpwBxBY3bfbQBndhw34_AGrsegXw_CxcE4/s1600/Gravitational+Force+-+When+mass+of+body+changes+but+distance+is+same3+copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Gravitational Force - When mass of body changes but distance is same" border="0" height="219" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUx8xwQHGgikygNoScuEW403pE4El5W9MoLI3OunEjGETH9w4FhevwExnTwVfqXwUQayxjegWOXMbvgs_ze_OLkvIVisOhYcelXlI44Ck35VpwBxBY3bfbQBndhw34_AGrsegXw_CxcE4/s1600/Gravitational+Force+-+When+mass+of+body+changes+but+distance+is+same3+copy.jpg" title="Gravitational Force - When mass of body changes but distance is same" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; text-align: start;">F = G * (2m</span><sup style="text-align: start;">2</sup><span style="font-size: small; text-align: start;">)/d</span><sup style="text-align: start;">2</sup></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Here, G and d are constant in both of the cases. Hence, the force
of attraction increases two times if the mass of a body is doubled. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<h4>
Summary:</h4>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
If the mass of the body is altered, it directly affects the
force of attraction between them. That is, if mass increases then force also
increases and if mass decreases then force also decreases.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>

Gravitational Force - When mass of body changes but distance is same

How does mass affect gravitational force? Suppose there are two bodies “A” and “B”. Both of them, “A” & “B” are at the distance of “D”...

A Gravitational Force Can Be Best Described As

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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDTovZNvRlc15mVNIiX5dZw6i8Dt1IHTFeVFgrAQRIyAA5ZtvQFuIppMZk6ADg-sCpwuVi_8j7DZE4JI24ICP_z5COqOxpyZpPHkzb8zuX-OEJH1BoerHTuS2h7ZRLeP9nHB2Yq6hAFGY/s1600/gravityForce.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="A Gravitational Force Can Be Best Described As" border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDTovZNvRlc15mVNIiX5dZw6i8Dt1IHTFeVFgrAQRIyAA5ZtvQFuIppMZk6ADg-sCpwuVi_8j7DZE4JI24ICP_z5COqOxpyZpPHkzb8zuX-OEJH1BoerHTuS2h7ZRLeP9nHB2Yq6hAFGY/s1600/gravityForce.jpg" title="A Gravitational Force Can Be Best Described As" width="320" /></a></div>
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There is a force of attraction between everybody (which has
mass) in this universe. This force is called gravitational force. It means that,
the force due to which all the objects are being attracted to each other
towards their centre is known as Gravitational Force. The gravitational forces
are termed as gravity or gravitation. The force of attraction between two
bodies, in which one body is planet/satellite, is called gravity. For example:
the force between you and Earth, force between Earth and falling objects, the
Force between Earth and your friend, force of attraction between Jupiter and a
body close to it or near its surface, etc. Gravity is a special case of
gravitation where one body must be a planet/satellite. While the force of
attraction between any two objects in the universe is known as gravitation. For
example: force of attraction between Earth and Sun, force of attraction between
Jupiter and Earth, etc.<o:p></o:p></div>

A Gravitational Force Can Be Best Described As

There is a force of attraction between everybody (which has mass) in this universe. This force is called gravitational force. It mean...

Electric Current is Called Physical Quantity. Why?

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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD7namQXlPiUctSnUuwGFnpBCLr7WggCq9KFjpIMhZ3gTPDmSqUUdWVt3t-2ns5gt_0TZStrknQDQIsd05U_ut7wGgFUOLXtil2KGvYdZUHaCVbbZcd-2xIKgIs3hZ5BjobkcGpeNtZdE/s1600/Electric+Current+is+a+physical+quantity.+why.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Electric Current is Called Physical Quantity. Why?" border="0" height="287" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD7namQXlPiUctSnUuwGFnpBCLr7WggCq9KFjpIMhZ3gTPDmSqUUdWVt3t-2ns5gt_0TZStrknQDQIsd05U_ut7wGgFUOLXtil2KGvYdZUHaCVbbZcd-2xIKgIs3hZ5BjobkcGpeNtZdE/s1600/Electric+Current+is+a+physical+quantity.+why.png" title="Electric Current is Called Physical Quantity. Why?" width="320" /></a></div>
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Electric current gives the measurement of charge flowing
across a conductor and it can be measured. The instrument used to measure
electric current is called Ammeter. Ammeter measures the rate of flow of charge
across a conductor. Hence, Electric current is called physical quantity.
Ammeter is connected in series combination in an electric circuit. <o:p></o:p></div>

Electric Current is Called Physical Quantity. Why?

Electric current gives the measurement of charge flowing across a conductor and it can be measured. The instrument used to measure elec...

Fundamental & Derived Quantity Definition - Physics

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In terms of physics, the quantities can be classified into two
types. They are Fundamental and Derived Quantities. This division is based on
their dependency. <o:p></o:p></div>
<h1>
Fundamental Quantities<o:p></o:p></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The quantities that do not depend on any other physical
quantity for their measurement are known as fundamental quantities. These
quantities do not take support of other physical quantities for its
measurement. There are only 7 fundamental physical quantities. And rest of all other
quantities are derived quantities. They are listed below.<o:p></o:p></div>
<h2>
Fundamental Quantities along Their Units<o:p></o:p></h2>
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Mass<o:p></o:p></div>
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  <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
Kilogram<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
 </tr>
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Time<o:p></o:p></div>
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Second<o:p></o:p></div>
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Temperature<o:p></o:p></div>
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Kelvin<o:p></o:p></div>
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Electric Current<o:p></o:p></div>
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Ampere<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
 </tr>
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Luminous Intensity<o:p></o:p></div>
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Candela<o:p></o:p></div>
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Length<o:p></o:p></div>
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Meter<o:p></o:p></div>
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Amount Of Substance<o:p></o:p></div>
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Mole<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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For example:  the
fundamental quantity, mass, can be measured directly using balance and hence it
does not depend upon other quantity. <o:p></o:p></div>
<h1>
Derived Quantities<o:p></o:p></h1>
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The Physical quantities that depend upon other physical
quantity for its measurement are known as derived quantities. The measurement
of derived quantities directly depends upon other quantities. So in order to
measure the derive quantity, one must measure the quantities that it depends
upon. Except 7 fundamental quantities, all other quantities are derived
quantities. Some examples of derived quantities are:<o:p></o:p></div>
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Acceleration<o:p></o:p></div>
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m/s^2<o:p></o:p></div>
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Density<o:p></o:p></div>
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Kg/m^3<o:p></o:p></div>
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Pressure<o:p></o:p></div>
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Pascal<o:p></o:p></div>
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Potential Difference<o:p></o:p></div>
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Volt<o:p></o:p></div>
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Volume<o:p></o:p></div>
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M^3<o:p></o:p></div>
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Force<o:p></o:p></div>
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Newton<o:p></o:p></div>
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Speed<o:p></o:p></div>
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m/s<o:p></o:p></div>
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Area<o:p></o:p></div>
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M^2<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br />
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Derived Quantity like speed depends upon length and time.
Hence it is called derived quantities. </div>
</div>

Fundamental & Derived Quantity Definition - Physics

In terms of physics, the quantities can be classified into two types. They are Fundamental and Derived Quantities. This division is ba...

10 Examples Of Physical And Non-Physical Quantities

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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2sGROVaLfUlgJpeUorWNz0LmoUlA0T9dVzq75_Gh3tGSS70XhocWehPuQeqBbCR4lz8ir-nGwGhk8LajN_g2g7TQcxSEMyni92g-HWOrjxEMUzuEsm55ePerpj9LbacTREy8HWMJ9eqs/s1600/Untitled.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="10 Examples Of Physical And Non-Physical Quantities" border="0" height="292" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2sGROVaLfUlgJpeUorWNz0LmoUlA0T9dVzq75_Gh3tGSS70XhocWehPuQeqBbCR4lz8ir-nGwGhk8LajN_g2g7TQcxSEMyni92g-HWOrjxEMUzuEsm55ePerpj9LbacTREy8HWMJ9eqs/s1600/Untitled.png" title="10 Examples Of Physical And Non-Physical Quantities" width="320" /></a></div>
In the previous post, we discussed about physical and
non-physical quantity. I planned to write this post to clarify the topic better
and this can be done by reading examples. Below are the 10 examples of Physical
Quantities.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Quantities</b>                                                                                  <b>Units</b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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Mass                                                                                         Kilogram<o:p></o:p></div>
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Acceleration                                                  
                            M/S^2<o:p></o:p></div>
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Force                                                                                         Newton<o:p></o:p></div>
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Temperature                                                                               Kelvin<o:p></o:p></div>
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Length                
                                                                       Meter<o:p></o:p></div>
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Density                                                                                       kg/m^3<o:p></o:p></div>
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Pressure                                                       
                            Pascal<o:p></o:p></div>
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Electric Current                                                                         Ampere<o:p></o:p></div>
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Luminous Intensity                                                                     Candela<o:p></o:p></div>
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Electric Charge                                                                         Columb <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Only Physical Quantities
have unit, therefore non-physical quantities are unit less.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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10 Examples of Non-Physical Quantity are:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>Quantities<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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Feelings<o:p></o:p></div>
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Love<o:p></o:p></div>
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Rudeness<o:p></o:p></div>
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Proudness</div>
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Respect<o:p></o:p></div>
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Pride<o:p></o:p></div>
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Hate<o:p></o:p></div>
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Angry<o:p></o:p></div>
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Loyalty<o:p></o:p></div>
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Stupidity<o:p></o:p></div>
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Hope the above examples clear everything. <o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
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          <o:p></o:p></div>

10 Examples Of Physical And Non-Physical Quantities

In the previous post, we discussed about physical and non-physical quantity. I planned to write this post to clarify the topic better and...

Physics: Physical & Non-Physical Quantity Definition

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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4A_HtZG0ou3tZ5rr6186V1ZDvnfGhnfdF1J94AXzqNVz9s0zJ-w5SeAyOGVrMqdAlrvZu8YBR1OfZ7XDxDrSo7btauT7ohEcMOxFOqTYuHjNOUvarC01Gwyiot5K3OQ-ktPvJY8HFgxo/s1600/stock-photo-red-heart-and-euro-on-silver-balance-on-black-isolated-background-69419866.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Physics: Physical & Non-Physical Quantity Definition" border="0" height="242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4A_HtZG0ou3tZ5rr6186V1ZDvnfGhnfdF1J94AXzqNVz9s0zJ-w5SeAyOGVrMqdAlrvZu8YBR1OfZ7XDxDrSo7btauT7ohEcMOxFOqTYuHjNOUvarC01Gwyiot5K3OQ-ktPvJY8HFgxo/s1600/stock-photo-red-heart-and-euro-on-silver-balance-on-black-isolated-background-69419866.jpg" title="Physics: Physical & Non-Physical Quantity Definition" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Credit: Shutterstock</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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In physics, the measurement deals with physical quantity
only. Quantity can be classified into two types; they are physical and
non-physical quantity. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Physical Quantities are those quantities that can be
measured, either directly or indirectly. Some physical quantities are dependent
on other quantities while others do not depend on any further quantities except
themselves. The examples of physical quantities are: Mass, Acceleration,
Temperature, Force, Pressure, Electric Current, Potential Difference, etc. On
the basis of their dependency, they are further classified into two types; they
are Fundamental and Derived Quantity. We will discuss about them in next post.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<br />
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Unlike physical quantities, non-physical quantities are
those quantities that cannot be measured by any mean or media. These quantities
do not have magnitude of themselves. Some example of non-physical quantities
are: Feelings, Angriness, Rudeness, etc. No one can measure the feeling of a
person, or love, etc. </div>
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<br /></div>
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Hence these things cannot be measured and therefore are
known as non-physical quantity.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>

Physics: Physical & Non-Physical Quantity Definition

Credit: Shutterstock In physics, the measurement deals with physical quantity only. Quantity can be classified into two types; they ...

What Measurement is Accurate Measurement?

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<br />
<br />
As physics says, the quantity that can be expressed with a
magnitude that has its own value is known as physical quantity. The measurement
of physical quantity can be done in various ways. For example: balance is used
to measure mass, clock is used to measure time, thermometer is used to measure
temperature, etc. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The measurement that gives a fixed value as a magnitude
after comparing an unknown quantity with other known quantity can be said as
actual or accurate measurement. For example: the measurement of time is done
using quartz crystal, which is accurate while pendulum bob (present in pendulum
clock) cannot be stood as accurate as quartz crystal. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Similarly, the measuring tapes gives the exact value of
length of an object, this is called accurate measurement.</div>
<br />
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Hence, simple, it means that the measurement that gives
exact value of something is called accurate measurement.<o:p></o:p></div>

What Measurement is Accurate Measurement?

As physics says, the quantity that can be expressed with a magnitude that has its own value is known as physical quantity. The measurem...

The Measurement Can Be Best Defined As:

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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Generally, the word measurement, in our daily life, means
the magnitude expression of something. Somehow physics also means the same
thing. Below are some of the best definitions of measurement:</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;">Measurement is the comparison of an unknown
quantity with a well known quantity expressing its magnitude.</span></li>
</ol>
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;">It is a magnitude expression of an object.</span></li>
</ol>
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;">Expressing an object with a value for further study
or analysis.</span></li>
</ol>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">All the above definitions are
interrelated or express the same meaning. The first definition tells, an
object, for an example: a book can be compared with a measuring tape in order
to find out the exact length of the book. Similarly, other quantities like mass
of a body can be measured using balance. Hence measurement gives a value that
expresses the quantity.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">The second definition and the
third definition exactly points to the first definition.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">In physics, the quantities that
can be measured are called physical quantity. Some examples of measurable
quantity are: mass, length, force, acceleration, speed, velocity, etc. </span></div>
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</div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>

The Measurement Can Be Best Defined As:

Generally, the word measurement, in our daily life, means the magnitude expression of something. Somehow physics also means the same thin...